'Normal' males must, it seems, breed with these. variabilis has a distinct piebald-and-orange colour form nearly all these piebald fish are females. The similarities and differences in behaviour between T. variabilis in Lake Salisbury (Uganda) is described and was found to be very similar to that of T. They probably have three or four broods in succession it is not known for how long the young are brooded. karomo females stay among the waterplants when brooding. After laying, the female collects the eggs in her mouth and leaves the spawning ground the male remains in his territory and immediately starts courting other females. Often there is very little pre-spawning display and spawning may be complete in two to five minutes. The sequence of movements of male and female in the nest during spawning is described.
Females cruise over the spawning grounds singly or in small shoals the male swims out to meet them as they enter his territory, turns and leads back to the nest. The nests are plaques of clean sand often raised on mounds nest cleaning is done by 'mouthing', 'nosing' and `fanning' the nest the other activities of the male before and between spawnings are described. The males have a brightly coloured breeding dress, including a long genital tassel they are slightly larger than the females, which are less brightly coloured. karomo congregate on the spawning grounds and each male establishes a territory wherein he prepares a nest. Both the species considered here are female mouth-brooders. Tilapia species can be divided into three groups according to differences in their breeding behaviour 'guarders', 'male mouth-brooders', and `female mouth-brooders'. This paper presents data from field studies on the breeding behaviour of T. Although the breeding behaviour of Cichlid fishes in aquaria has been studied by several authors, very little is known about their behaviour in natural waters.
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